تحلیلی بر سیستم موانع چندگانه مهندسی - طبیعی در راستای مدیریت پایدار پسماندهای رادیواکتیو
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت و تکنولوژی مواد زائد
مهدی یزدیان
1
(دانشگاه علم و هنر یزد )
مهجبین ردایی
2
(دانشگاه علم و هنر یزد )
راضیه صفار
3
(دانشگاه علم و هنر یزد )
علیرضا جباری
4
(دانشگاه علم و هنر یزد )
کلید واژه: مدیریت پایدار, پسماند رادیو اکتیو, سیستم موانع چندگانه,
چکیده مقاله :
رشد جمعیت، فرآیندهای توسعه شهری و صنعتی در سراسر جهان اتخاذ منابع جایگزین انرژی در زمینه کاهش مصرف سوخت‌های فسیلی و همچنین تأثیرات مضر آنها بر سلامت انسان و محیط‌زیست را اجتناب‌‌ناپذیر کرده است. طی دهه‌های گذشته، گسترش استفاده از انرژی هسته‌ای به عنوان منابع انرژی جایگزین، حکایت از تولید گسترده پسماند رادیواکتیو را دارد و مدیریت صحیح پسماندهای رادیواکتیو را به چالشی حیاتی برای جامعه جهانی مبدل ساخته است. مطالعه حاضر نوعی مطالعه مروری است که اصول و فرآیندهای مدیریت پسماندهای رادیواکتیو و عوامل موثر در مکانیابی سایت‌های دفن پسماندهای رادیواکتیو را مورد واکاوی قرار می‌دهد، و بر طراحی موانع چندگانه مهندسی-طبیعی و اتخاذ برنامه‌های کنترلی-نظارتی همراه با الزامات قانونی در راستای دفع بهینه پسماندهای رادیواکتیو تأکید می‌ورزد تا ضمن اخذ راهبردهای کارا به ابعاد مختلف پایداری در تمامی ابعاد محیط‌زیستی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی توجه شود. نتایج مطالعه حاکی از آن است که فرآیندهای آمایش و تثبیت پسماندهای خطرناک، ارزیابی ریسک، مکانیابی سایت دفن، ایمنی طولانی مدت سایت‌های دفن، طراحی سازه‌های مقاوم، اتخاذ سیستم موانع چندگانه مهندسی- طبیعی، طراحی برنامه‌های پایش و نظارتی می‌تواند میزان آسیب‌پذیری انسان و محیط زیست را از سایت‌های دفن پسماندهای رادیواکتیو کاهش دهد و به عنوان چارچوب موثر در مدیریت پسماندهای رادیواکتیو توسط طراحان، برنامه‌ریزان و مهندسان به کار گرفته شود.
Population growth and urban and industrial development processes around the world have made the adoption of alternative energy sources inevitable to reduce fossil fuel consumption as well as their harmful effects on human and environmental health. Over the past decades, the expansion of using nuclear energy as an alternative energy source indicates the widespread production of radioactive waste and the proper management of radioactive waste has become a vital challenge for the international community. The present study is a review study that examines the principles and processes of radioactive waste management and the factors influencing the location of radioactive waste landfills. It also emphasizes on the design of multiple engineering-natural barriers and the adoption of control-monitoring programs with legal requirements for the optimal disposal of radioactive waste to adopt efficient strategies to pay attention to various aspects of sustainability in all aspects of the environmental, social, and economic. The results of the study indicate that the processes of preparation and stabilization of hazardous waste, risk assessment, landfill site selection, the long-term safety of landfills, design of durable structures, adoption of multiple engineering-natural barrier systems, design of monitoring and control programs can reduce humans and environment vulnerability from radioactive waste landfills and can be used as effective frameworks in the radioactive waste management by designers, planners and, engineers.
Beken, T., Dorn, N., & Van Daele, S. (2010) Security risks in nuclear waste management: Exceptionalism, opaqueness and vulnerability. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 940-948.
Bromand, M., Khamechian, M., & Nikoodel, N. (2008) Site selection for hazardous material by GIS in Zanjan. In Proceedings of the Forth Civil Engineering National Conference on Tehran. Tehran: University of Tehran, 9–15.
Brunnengräber, A. (2019) The wicked problem of long term radioactive waste governance. Conflicts, participation and acceptability in nuclear waste governance. (pp. 335–355). Wiesbaden, VS: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27107 -7_17
Chapman, N., & Hooper, A. (2012) The disposal of radioactive wastes underground. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 123(1), 46-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2011.10.001
Choi, S., Nam, H., & Ko, W. (2016) Environmental life cycle risk modeling of nuclear waste recycling systems. Energy, 112, 836-851.
Collier, N., Milestone, N., Gordon, L., & Ko, S.-C. (2014) The suitability of a supersulfated cement for nuclear waste immobilisation. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 452(1-3), 457-464.
Fentiman, A.W., Jorat, M.E. & Veley R.J. (2008) What Disposal Methods are being Considered for Low-Level Radioactive Waste?”, http://ohioline.osu.edu/rer-fact/.
Freiesleben, H. (2013) Final disposal of radioactive waste. Paper presented at the EPJ Web of Conferences.
IAEA. (2019) Terminology used in nuclear safety and radiation protection, IAEA Safety Glossary-2019 edition.
IAEA. (2014) Near Surface Disposal Facilities for Radioactive Waste, IAEA safety standards series no. SSG-29.
IAEA. (2011) Disposal of radioactive waste, IAEA safety standards series no. SSR-5 (2011).
IAEA. (2003) Radioactive Waste Management Glossary. Vienna.
ICRP. (1977) Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP Publication No. 26). Oxford: Pergamon Press. Annals of the ICRP, 3.
Ismail, S. N. S., & Manaf, L. A. (2013) The challenge of future landfill: A case study of Malaysia. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 5(6), 86-96.
Ito, D. (2019) Considerations on reference level and assessments of radiological consequences in emergency during transport of radioactive materials.
Kuznetsov, A. Y., Azovskov, M. E., Belousov, S. V., Vereshchagin, I. I., Efremov, A. E., & Khlebnikov, S. V. (2019) Dismantling and decontamination of large-sized radiation-contaminated equipment during Research Building B decommissioning at the Bochvar Institute site. Nuclear Energy and Technology, 5, 117.
Lavrentyeva, G. (2019) Assessment of radiation environmental risk for the terrestrial ecosystem. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.
Lee, S. H., Song, J. S., Park, B. G., & Han, H. J. (2019) A Study on the Radiological Safety Assessment Method Establishment of Recycling Workers of Very Low Level Radiological Metallic Wastes in Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants. 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술대회, 387-388.
Ma, Z., Gamage, R. P., Rathnaweera, T., & Kong, L. (2019) Review of application of molecular dynamic simulations in geological high-level radioactive waste disposal. Applied Clay Science, 168, 436–449.
Mohamed, A. M. O., & Paleologos, E. K. (2018) Chapter 12 - Radioactive Waste Disposal: Hosting Environment, Engineered Barriers, and Challenges. In A.-M. O. Mohamed & E. K. Paleologos (Eds.), Fundamentals of Geoenvironmental Engineering (pp. 423-457): Butterworth-Heinemann
National Resource Information Centre (NRIC). (1992) A radioactive waste repository for Australia: methods for choosing the right site.
NW, I. N. E. S. N. (2018) T-1.14 Status and Trends in Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management. International Atomic Energy Agency: Vienna, Austria, 20-38.
Ojovan, M. I., Lee, W. E., & Kalmykov, S. N. (2019) An introduction to nuclear waste immobilisation: Elsevier.
Ojovan, M. I., & Lee, W. E. (2011) Glassy wasteforms for nuclear waste immobilization. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 42(4), 837-851
Poškas, P., Kilda, R., Šimonis, A., Jouhara, H., & Poškas, R. (2019) Disposal of very lowlevel radioactive waste: Lithuanian case on the approach and long-term safety aspects. Science of the Total Environment, 667, 464–474.
Ramana, M. (2013) Shifting strategies and precarious progress: Nuclear waste management in Canada, Energy Policy, 61, 196-206.
Rempe, N. (2007) Permanent underground repositories for radioactive waste. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 49 (5), 365–374. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2007.04.002.
Rezaeimahmoudi, M., Esmaeli, A., Gharegozlu, A., Shabanian, H., & Rokni, L. (2014) Application of geographical information system in disposal site selection for hazardous wastes. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 12(1), 1-6.
Salama, A., El Amin, M. F., & Sun, S. (2015) Numerical investigation of high level nuclear waste disposal in deep anisotropic geologic repositories. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 85,747-755.
Sakib, K. N., Haydar, M. A., Khalil, M. I., Ali, M. I., Paul, D., & Alam, M. S. (2020) Disposal of Low and Intermediate Levels of Radioactive Waste in Bangladesh—An Investigation on the Selection of a Suitable Site by Using a Geographic Information System and a Multi-criteria Analysis. Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 77(3), 201-212.
Sellin, P., & Leupin, O. X. (2013) The use of clay as an engineered barrier in radioactive-waste management–a review. Clays and Clay Minerals, 61(6), 477-498.
Streimikiene, D. (2012) Comparison of carbon dioxide and nuclear waste storage costs in Lithuania. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 2434-2445.
Vance, E., & Perera, D. (2009) Geopolymers for nuclear waste immobilisation. In Geopolymers (pp. 401-420): Elsevier.
Wang, S. A., Alekseev, V., Ling. J., & et al. (2010) Chemistry of Materials, 22(6), 2155-63.
Xinglai, H. L., & Sheng, G. (2006) GIS-based Hierarchy Process for the Suitability Analysis of Nuclear Waste. Disposal Site. Environ Informat Arch, 13, 286–296.
Yano, K., Mao, K., Wharry, J., & Porterfield, M. (2018) Investing in a permanent and sustainable nuclear waste disposal solution. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 108, 474-479.
Yun, J.I., Jeong, Y., & Kim, J. (2013) Republic of Korea: experience of radioactive waste (raw) management and contaminated site clean-up. Radioactive Waste Management and Contaminated Site Clean-Up, 673-696
Zhang, X., Gu, P., & Liu, Y. J. C. (2019) Decontamination of radioactive wastewater: State of the art and challenges forward. Chemosphere, 215, 543–553