The Effects of Fire on Plant Regeneration and Species Diversity in Khorgam Forest, Rudbar
Subject Areas : Ecosystem sustainability
Ali Malkeshi
1
,
Gholamreza Bakhshi Khaniki
2
,
Younes Asri
3
,
Mohabat Nadaf
4
*
,
Reza Omidipour
5
1 - Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Botany Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Kosar University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
5 - Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
Keywords: Grazing Management, Biodiversity Conservation, Species Diversity, Functional Diversity, Bozdaghi,
Abstract :
A fundamental basis in applied studies across any region is the understanding and conservation of natural ecosystems. Ecological assessment of vegetation cover plays a pivotal role in natural resource management. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of livestock grazing management (exclosure and grazing) on vegetation characteristics, including species diversity, functional diversity, plant composition, and indicator species, in the Bozdaghi region, Bojnord County, North Khorasan Province. To measure biodiversity, species diversity indices (Hill's index, species richness, evenness, Shannon diversity, and Simpson diversity) and functional diversity indices (single-trait and multi-trait) were employed. Plant composition between the two management systems was compared using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), and indicator species were determined using Indicator Species Analysis and the Monte Carlo test. Based on the results in the Bozdaghi region, livestock grazing significantly reduced species richness (P-value < 0.05), but had no significant effect on other species diversity indices. Furthermore, livestock grazing significantly reduced plant functional diversity. According to the DCA results, grazing led to distinct vegetation compositions between the exclosure and grazed areas. Ultimately, grazing resulted in the presence of only one indicator species in the grazed area, whereas the exclosed area contained 16 indicator species. The results of this study indicated that the Bozdaghi region possesses high biodiversity, and the utilization of management tools such as grazing exclosure exerts a positive impact on increasing species and functional diversity, as well as enhancing the number of indicator species.
ارزانی، حسین (1390). کیفیت علوفه. انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 278.
امیدیپور، رضا؛ ابراهیمی، عطااله؛ طهماسبی، پژمان و فرامرزی، مرزبان (1398). ارتباط غنا، یکنواختی و واگرائی کارکردی با کارکرد اکوسیستمی در مراتع استپی سرد مرجن بروجن. مجله مرتع، 13(3 )، 504-521.
امیدیپور، رضا؛ ابراهیمی، عطالله؛ طهماسبی، پژمان و فرامرزی، مرزبان (1399). تأثیر چرای دام بر رابطۀ بین پوشش و زیتودۀ گیاهی بالای سطح زمین با شاخصهای گیاهی در منطقۀ سبزکوه چهارمحال و بختیاری. نشریه علمی - پژوهشی مرتع و آبخیزداری، 73(1)، 47-33.
امیدی¬پور، رضا؛ عرفانزاده، رضا؛ فرامرزی، مرزبان (1394). بررسی تأثیر چرای دام بر الگوی مؤلفههای تنوع گونهای در مقیاسهای مکانی مختلف. مجله مرتع، 4(9)، ۳۶۷-۳۷۷.
جعفری، علی؛ رحیمی باغ ابریشمی، مهدیه؛ طهماسبی کهیانی، پژمان (1396). تغییرات تنوع و ترکیب گونههای گیاهی تحت تأثیر چرای دام در مراتع حوزه توفسفید. پژوهش های محیط زیست، 8(15)، 142-131.
جعفریان، زینب؛ احمدی، فرزاد؛ کارگر، منصوره (1396). بررسی تاثیر شدتهای چرایی دام بر تغییرات شاخصهای تنوع گونهای و تنوع کارکردی گونههای گیاهی در مرتع بلبان آباد، استان کردستان. تحقیقات مرتع و بیابان ایران، 24(4)، 768-777.
جنگجو، محمد (1388). اصلاح و توسعه مراتع. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی، مشهد. 239.
زارع کیا، صدیقه؛ فیاض، حمد؛ غلامی، پرویز؛ گودرزی، محمود؛ جعفری، فرهنگ (1392). اثر مدیریت¬های مختلف چرایی بر تنوع و غنای گونه¬ای در مراتع استپی ساوه. بوم شناسی کاربردی، 2(6)، 10-1.
زارع¬چاهوکی، محمدعلی؛ آذرنیوند، حسین (1389). اصلاح مراتع. انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 354.
فرجی، ایلین؛ طاطیان، محمدرضا؛ تمرتاش، رضا؛ سنای، انور (1403). بررسی تأثیر چرای دام بر شاخص¬های تنوع گونهای و کارکردی پوشش گیاهی در دو حوضه با اقلیم متفاوت. پژوهشنامه مديريت حوزه آبخيز، ۱۵ (۲)، ۱۶۸-۱۵۴.
کمالی، پریا؛ عرفانزاده، رضا (1392). اثر چرای دام بر تنوع، غنای گونه¬ای و برخی مشخصه¬های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک. اکوسیستم¬های طبیعی ایران، 4(1)، 18-1.
مصداقی، منصور (1380). مرتعداری در ایران. انتشارات دانشگاه اما رضا (ع)، مشهد. 336.
نداف، محبت (1396). بررسی ارتباط بین گروههای اکولوژیک و تنوعزیستی با عوامل محیطی در منطقه جوزک-چمنبید، استان خراسان شمالی. رساله دکتری در رشته زیستشناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد.
نداف، محبت؛ امیدیپور، رضا (1398). اثرهای چرای دام و جنگلکاری بر تنوع کارکرد (مطالعه موردی: منطقه چشمه دلاو، خراسان شمالی). فصلنامه علوم محیطی، 17(4)، 74-61.
Ammer, C., Balandier, P., Bentsen, N. S., Coll, L., & Löf, M. (2011). Forest vegetation management under debate: an introduction. European Journal of Forest Research, 130(1), 1-5.
Ashton, I. W., Miller, A. E., Bowman, W. D., & Suding, K. N. (2010). Niche complementarity due to plasticity in resource use: plant partitioning of chemical N forms. Ecology, 91(11), 3252-3260.
Bahreini, Z., Jafarian, Z., Alavi, S. J., Tatian, M. R., & Negreiros, D. (2024). Influence of grazing intensity on richness, phylogenetic and functional dimensions of highly diverse mountainous grasslands from Mazandaran, Iran. Plant Ecology, 225(7), 641-651.
Bai, Y., Wu, J., Clark, C.M., Pan, Q., Zhang, L., Chen, S., Wang, Q., & Han, X. (2012). Grazing alters ecosystem functioning and C: N: P stoichiometry of grasslands along a regional precipitation gradient. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49(6), 1204-1215.
Cardinale, B.J., Duffy, J.E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D.U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G.M., Tilman, D., & Wardle, D.A. (2012). Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486, 59.
Cardinale, B.J., Srivastava, D.S., Duffy, J.E., Wright, J.P., Downing, A.L., Sankaran, M., & Jouseau, C. (2006). Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems. Nature, 443(7114), 989.
de Bello, F., Buchmann, N., Casals, P., Lepš, J., & Sebastià, M. T. (2009). Relating plant species and functional diversity to community δ13C in NE Spain pastures. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 131(3-4), 303-307.
Edwards, F. A., Edwards, D.P., Larsen, T.H., Hsu, W.W., Benedick, S., Chung, A., Vun Khen, C., Wilcove, D.S., & Hamer, K.C. (2014). Does logging and forest conversion to oil palm agriculture alter functional diversity in a biodiversity hotspot? Animal conservation, 17(2), 163-173.
Erfanzadeh, R., Omidipour, R., & Faramarzi, M. (2015). Variation of plant diversity components in different scales in relation to grazing & climatic conditions. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 8(4), 537-545.
Gelley, C. H., Nave, R. L., & Bates, G. E. (2017). Influence of height‐based management on forage nutritive value of four warm‐season forage grasses. Crop, forage & turfgrass management, 3(1), 1-9.
Gotelli, N. J., & Colwell, R. K. (2001). Quantifying biodiversity: procedures & pitfalls in the measurement & comparison of species richness. Ecology letters, 4(4), 379-391.
Gross, N., Maestre, F.T., Liancourt, P., Berdugo, M., Martin, R., Gozalo, B., Ochoa, V., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Maire, V., Saiz, H. and Soliveres, S. (2024). Unforeseen plant phenotypic diversity in a dry and grazed world. Nature, 632(8026), 808-814.
Hill, M. O., & Gauch Jr, H. G. (1980). Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio, 42(1), 47-58.
Hooper, D.U., Chapin III, F.S., & Ewel, J.J. (2005). Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monograph, 75, 3–35.
Jäschke, Y., Heberling, G., & Wesche, K. (2020). Environmental controls override grazing effects on plant functional traits in Tibetan rangelands. Functional Ecology, 34(3), 747-760.
Kinloch, J. E., & Friedel, M. H. (2005). Soil seed reserves in arid grazing lands of central Australia. Part 1: seed bank & vegetation dynamics. Journal of Arid Environments, 60(1), 133-161.
Komac, B., Pladevall, C., Domènech, M., & Fanlo, R. (2015). Functional diversity and grazing intensity in sub‐alpine and alpine grasslands in Andorra. Applied Vegetation Science, 18(1), 75-85.
Liu, J., Bian, Z., Zhang, K., Ahmad, B., & Khan, A. (2019). Effects of different fencing regimes on community structure of degraded desert grasslands on Mu Us desert, China. Ecology and Evolution, 9(6), 3367-3377.
Liu, M., Yin, F., Xiao, Y., & Yang, C. (2023). Grazing alters the relationship between alpine meadow biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Science of the Total Environment, 898, 165445.
Loreau, M. (2004). Does functional redundancy exist? Oikos, 104(3), 606-611.
Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., Bengtsson, J., Grime, J.P., Hector, A., Hooper, D.U., Huston, M.A., Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B., & Tilman, D. (2001). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. science, 294(5543), 804-808.
Magurran, A.E. (1988). Ecological Diversity & its Measurement. By Princeton University Press. New Jersey 179 pp.
Michaels, J., Batzer, E., Harrison, S., & Eviner, V. T. (2021). Grazing affects vegetation diversity & heterogeneity in California vernal pools. Ecology, 102(4), e03295.
Mouillot, D., Graham, N.A.J., Villeger, S., Mason, N.W.H., & Bellwood, D.R. (2013). A functional approach reveals community responses to disturbances. Trends Ecology and Evolution, 28, 167e177.
Nadaf, M., Amiri, M. S., Joharchi, M. R., Omidipour, R., Moazezi, M., Mohaddesi, B., Taghavizadeh Yazdi, M.E., & Mottaghipisheh, J. (2023). Ethnobotanical diversity of trees and shrubs of Iran: a comprehensive review. International Journal of Plant Biology, 14(1), 120-146.
Navarro, T., Alados, C. L., & Cabezudo, B. (2006). Changes in plant functional types in response to goat & sheep grazing in two semi-arid shrublands of SE Spain. Journal of Arid Environments, 64(2), 298-322.
Osem, Y., Perevolotsky, A., & Kigel, J. (2002). Grazing effect on diversity of annual plant communities in a semi‐arid rangeland: interactions with small‐scale spatial & temporal variation in primary productivity. Journal of Ecology, 90(6), 936-946.
Pauler, C. M., Isselstein, J., Suter, M., Berard, J., Braunbeck, T., & Schneider, M. K. (2020). Choosy grazers: Influence of plant traits on forage selection by three cattle breeds. Functional Ecology, 34(5), 980-992.
Pei, L., Wu, Z., Qian, Y., Li, X., Zhang, J., Sun, J., & Wang, Y. (2024). Plant community stability, indicator species & their driving factors at a gradient of grazing intensity in an alpine meadow. Ecological Indicators, 162, 112012.
Pywell, R. F., Bullock, J. M., Roy, D. B., Warman, L. I. Z., Walker, K. J., & Rothery, P. (2003). Plant traits as predictors of performance in ecological restoration. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40(1), 65–77.
Schrama, M., Quist, C.W., Arjen de Groot, G., Cieraad, E., Ashworth, D., Laros, I., Hansen, L. H., Leff, J., Fierer, N., & Bardgett, R. D. (2023). Cessation of grazing causes biodiversity loss and homogenization of soil food webs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 290(2011), 20231345.
Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell system Technical Journal, 27, 379-423.
Shimadzu, H. (2018). On species richness & rarefaction: size-and coverage-based techniques quantify different characteristics of richness change in biodiversity. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 77(5), 1363-1381.
Simpson, C. E. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature, 688 pp.
Song, S., Zhu, J., Zheng, T., Tang, Z., Zhang, F., Ji, C., Shen, Z., & Zhu, J. (2020). Long-term grazing exclusion reduces species diversity but increases community heterogeneity in an alpine grassland. Frontiers in Ecology & Evolution, 8, 66.
Tilman, D., & Dowing, J. A. (1994). Biodiversity & stability in grasslands, Nature, 197, 363-365.
Török, P., Valkó, O., Deák, B., Kelemen, A., & Tóthmérész, B. (2014). Traditional cattle grazing in a mosaic alkali landscape: Effects on grassland biodiversity along a moisture gradient. PLOS ONE, 9(5), e97095.