Wastewater Treatment of Petrochemical Industry Using Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) Systems: Advantages, Challenges, and Solutions
Reza Fateminia
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Keywords: Petrochemical industry, Wastewater treatment, Technology, Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system,
Abstract :
Due to the global water crisis, the treatment and reuse of industrial wastewater, particularly in water-intensive industries such as petrochemicals, has become a key strategy for sustainable water resource management. In recent years, growing awareness of water scarcity and water pollution, together with environmental regulatory requirements and the high costs associated with wastewater disposal, has led to increased attention toward Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) technology. This article introduces ZLD systems and examines their applications across various processes and operations in the petrochemical industry. Furthermore, the advantages, challenges, and proposed solutions for managing existing challenges are discussed. The study also reviews process and technological development trends, market demand for ZLD systems, and their anticipated growth prospects
References:
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شکرالله زاده سهیلا، فولادوند، محمدتقی (1402). " سامانه تخلیه مایع صفر(ZLD): مروری بر رویکردهای نوین در بازیابی آب از منابع آبی نامتعارف". دو ماهنامه مهندسی شیمی ایران، شماره 130، دوره 22، صفحات 26-7.
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Biznustek Global, USA, Future Trends in Zero Liquid Discharge Technologies,https://www.linkedin.com/company/biznustekglobal(accessed on 10 February, 2025)
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Brine management methods: Recent innovations and current status. Desalination,
407, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.12.008
Glan Devadhas, G., Muthulakshmi, S., Jameer Basha, S.K., Selvi, V., Sadhik Basha, J. (2025). Future Directions for IoT and AI-Based Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) Systems in Industrial Applications. In: Parray, J.A., Li, WJ., Haghi, A.K. (eds) Zero Liquid Discharge Wastewater Treatment System. Springer Water. Springer, Cham.
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Jafarinejad, S., & Jiang, S. C. (2019). Current technologies and future directions for treating petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants (PRPP) wastewaters. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(5), 103326.
Hosseinipour, E., & Davies, P. A. (2024). Effect of membrane properties on the performance of batch reverse osmosis (RO): the potential to minimize energy consumption. Desalination, 577, 117378.
Hövel, T. (2021). Discussion of Zero Liquid Discharge as a solution for desalination brine management-A case study at Desolenator’s project in Dubai.
Koech, L., Rutto, H., Lerotholi, L., Everson, R. C., Neomagus, H., Branken, D., & Moganelwa, A. (2021). Spray drying absorption for desulphurization: a review of recent developments. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 23(6), 1665-1686.
Kress, N. (2019). Desalination Technologies. In N. Kress (Ed.), Marine Impacts of Seawater Desalination (pp. 11–34). Elsevier
Liang, Y., Lin, X., Kong, X., Duan, Q., Wang, P., Mei, X., & Ma, J. (2021). Making waves: zero liquid discharge for sustainable industrial effluent management. Water, 13(20), 2852.
Liao, B., Zeng, X., Ling, Z., Zhao, S., Li, B., & Han, X. (2025). Recent Advances in Zero Discharge Treatment Technologies for Desulfurization Wastewater in Coal-Fired Power Plants: A Mini-Review. Processes, 13(4), 982.
Menon, A. K., Haechler, I., Kaur, S., Lubner, S., & Prasher, R. S. (2020). Enhanced solar evaporation using a photo-thermal umbrella for wastewater management. Nature Sustainability, 3(2), 144-151.
Modi, D. & Modi, Shivam.(2020). https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/zero-liquid-discharge-green-technology-ict-green-technology.
Modi, R., Kavaiya, A. R., Vanzara, P. B., & Raval, H. D. (2022). Membranes in zero-liquid-discharge systems for efficient processes toward sustainable environment: A review. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 148(11), 03122004.
Mohammadi, S., Ahmadi, M. H., & Ehsani, R. (2024). Investigating the effect of effective parameters on the optimization of zero liquid discharge system. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 19, 1380-1390.
Mov Chimeng ,2014,Development of a Zero Liquid Discharge Approach for Cooling Tower Blowdown in Petrochemical Industry, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology School of Environment, Resources and Development Thailand.
Muhammad, Y., & Lee, W. (2019). Zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) technology for
resource recovery from wastewater: A review. The Science of the Total
Environment, 681, 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.062
Namdeti, R. (2023). Revolutionizing water sustainability: a comprehensive exploration of zero liquid discharge strategies. Power Syst. Technol. 47 (2)(2023).
Nibe, R. L., Hinge, R. V., Divate, S. B. (2022). Wastewater Treatment By Zero Liquid Discharge Process (ZLD) Journal: JETIR, Volume 9, Issue 4
Oren, Y., Korngold, E., Daltrophe, N., Messalem, R., Volkman, Y., Aronov, L. & Gilron, J. (2010). Pilot studies on high recovery BWRO-EDR for near zero liquid discharge approach. Desalination, 261(3), 321-330.
Panagopoulos, A., Haralambous, K. J., & Loizidou, M. (2019). Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies-A review. Science of the Total Environment, 693, 133545.
Panagopoulos, A., & Haralambous, K. J. (2020). Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 104418.
Panagopoulos, A. (2020a). A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine. Energy, 118733.
Panagopoulos, A., & Michailidis, P. (2025). Membrane technologies for sustainable wastewater treatment: Advances, challenges, and applications in zero liquid discharge (zld) and minimal liquid discharge (mld) systems. Membranes, 15(2), 64.
Patel, K., Aghera, R., Mistry, D., & Jasrotia, E. (2017). A zero liquid discharge in pharmaceutical industry. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol, 4(5), 1110-1114.
Poirier, K., Al Mhanna, N., & Patchigolla, K. (2022). Techno-economic analysis of brine treatment by multi-crystallization separation process for zero liquid discharge. Separations, 9(10), 295.
Precedence research (2025). Zero liquid discharge systems market. https://www.precedenceresearch.com/zero-liquid-discharge-systems-market
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