کاربرد شاخص‌های تنوع گونه‌ای و کارکردی در پایش اثرات مدیریت چرا (مطالعه موردی منطقه بزداغی خراسان شمالی)

چکیده مقاله :

یکی از مبناهای اصلی در مطالعات کاربردی در هر منطقه، شناخت و همچنین حفاظت از اکوسیستم‎های طبیعی است. بررسی بوم­شناختی پوشش گياهی هر منطقه، در مدیریت منابع طبیعی نقش اساسی دارد. به همین دلیل، هدف از انجام اين تحقيق بررسی تاثیر مدیریت چرای دام (قرق و چرا) بر خصوصیات پوشش گیاهی اعم از تنوع گونه­ای، تنوع کارکردی، ترکیب گیاهی و گونه­های شاخص در منطقه بزداغی در شهرستان بجنورد، استان خراسان شمالی بود. برای اندازه­گیری تنوع زیستی از شاخص­های تنوع گونه­ای (شاخص هیل، غنای گونه­ای، یکنواختی، تنوع شانون و سیمپسون) و تنوع کارکردی (تک ویژگی و چند ویژگی) استفاده شد. مقایسه ترکیب گیاهی بین دو مدیریت با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل تطبیقی قوسگیر (DCA) و تعیین گونه­های شاخص با آزمون تحلیل گونه­های شاخص و آزمون مونت کارلو انجام شد. براساس نتایج در منطقه بزداغی، چرای دام به صورت معنی‎داری غنای گونه‎ای را کاهش داده است (P-value < 0.05)، ولی بر سایر شاخص‎های تنوع گونه­ای اثر معنی‎داری نداشت. همچنین، چرای دام به صورت معنی‎داری تنوع کارکردی گیاهی را کاهش داد. بر اساس نتایج آزمون DCA، چرای دام موجب ایجاد ترکیب گیاهی مختلفی بین دو منطقه قرق و چراشده شد. در نهایت، چرای دام موجب شد تا در منطقه تحت چرا تنها یک گونه شاخص وجود داشته باشد در حالی که در منطقه قرق­شده، 16 گونه شاخص وجود داشت. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که منطقه بزداغی از تنوع زیستی بالایی برخودار است و استفاده از ابزارهای مدیریت از قبیل قرق، تاثیر مثبتی بر افزایش تنوع گونه­ای و کارکردی و نیز افزایش گونه شاخص دارد. 

چکیده انگلیسی :

A fundamental basis in applied studies across any region is the understanding and conservation of natural ecosystems. Ecological assessment of vegetation cover plays a pivotal role in natural resource management. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of livestock grazing management (exclosure and grazing) on vegetation characteristics, including species diversity, functional diversity, plant composition, and indicator species, in the Bozdaghi region, Bojnord County, North Khorasan Province. To measure biodiversity, species diversity indices (Hill's index, species richness, evenness, Shannon diversity, and Simpson diversity) and functional diversity indices (single-trait and multi-trait) were employed. Plant composition between the two management systems was compared using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), and indicator species were determined using Indicator Species Analysis and the Monte Carlo test. Based on the results in the Bozdaghi region, livestock grazing significantly reduced species richness (P-value < 0.05), but had no significant effect on other species diversity indices. Furthermore, livestock grazing significantly reduced plant functional diversity. According to the DCA results, grazing led to distinct vegetation compositions between the exclosure and grazed areas. Ultimately, grazing resulted in the presence of only one indicator species in the grazed area, whereas the exclosed area contained 16 indicator species. The results of this study indicated that the Bozdaghi region possesses high biodiversity, and the utilization of management tools such as grazing exclosure exerts a positive impact on increasing species and functional diversity, as well as enhancing the number of indicator species.

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