اثرات نامطلوب آفتکش‌ها بر محیطزیست و موجودات غیر هدف

چکیده مقاله :

استفاده از آفت‌کش‌ها نقش مهمی در کشاورزی مدرن دارد و کاربرد اصولی آن‌ها سبب افزایش کیفیت و کمیت محصولات کشاورزی می‌شود. همچنین، در کنترل ناقلین بیماری‌ها بسیار اهمیت دارند. با این حال، استفاده گسترده از سموم شیمیایی سبب نگرانی‌های روزافزون در خصوص اثرات منفی آن‌ها شده ‌است. مصرف آفت‌کش‌ها می‌تواند باعث آلودگی منابع آبی و خاک شود، تجمع این ترکیبات در خاک منجر به اختلال در جوامع میکروبی و کاهش ارگانیسم‌های مفید می‌شود و با نفوذ به آب‌های زیرزمینی و سطحی، مخاطراتی را برای اکوسیستم‌های آبی ایجاد کند. رواناب از مزارع کشاورزی می‌تواند سموم را به آب‌های سطحی منتقل کند و بر موجودات آبزی و کیفیت آب تأثیر بگذارد و در نتیجه تجمع زیستی وارد زنجیره‌ی غذایی شوند. به‌علاوه، آلودگی‌هوا یکی از عواقب استفاده از سموم کشاورزی است. تبخیر سموم و عوامل محیطی، احتمال تماس موجودات غیر هدف و انتقال آن‌ها به مناطق دورتر از محل سم‌پاشی را فراهم می‌کند. بقایای آفت‌کش‌ها سبب اختلالات فیزیولوژیکی، ناهنجاری‌های ژنتیکی و بروز بیماری‌های مختلف در موجودات غیر هدف می‌شود و اختلال در تعادل اکولوژیکی و کاهش تنوع زیستی را در پی دارد. این مقاله، یک بررسی جامع از پیامدهای نامطلوب مصرف سموم شیمیایی بر اجزای مختلف اکوسیستم‌ها را ارائه می‌دهد و استراتژی‌های نوین برای مقابله با این چالش‌ها و ترویج شیوه‌های مدیریت آفت‌کش‌ها را مورد بحث قرار می‌دهد. این مقاله مروری با هدف تعمیق درک اثرات و خطرات مرتبط با استفاده از آفت‌کش‌ها تهیه شده‌است و امید است گامی به‌منظور کاهش آلودگی‌های محیط‌زیست و دستیابی به کشاورزی پایدار باشد.

چکیده انگلیسی :

The use of pesticides plays a crucial role in modern agriculture, and their proper application leads to an increase in the quality and quantity of agricultural products. They are also highly important in controlling disease vectors. However, the widespread use of chemical toxins has raised growing concerns regarding their negative effects. The consumption of pesticides can result in contamination of water and soil, accumulation of these compounds in the soil can disrupt microbial communities and reduce beneficial organisms, and their infiltration into groundwater and surface water can pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. Runoff from agricultural fields can transport toxins into surface waters, affecting aquatic organisms and water quality, and consequently, these toxins can bioaccumulate and enter the food chain. Air pollution is also one of the consequences of pesticide use. The volatilization of pesticides and environmental factors facilitate the possibility of contact with non-target organisms and their transfer to areas far from the spraying site. Residues of pesticides can cause physiological disorders, genetic abnormalities, and various diseases in non-target organisms, leading to disturbances in ecological balance and a reduction in biodiversity. This article provides a comprehensive review of the adverse consequences of chemical pesticide use on different components of ecosystems and discusses novel strategies to address these challenges and promote pesticide management practices. This review paper aims to deepen the understanding of the effects and hazards associated with pesticide use and hopes to take a step towards reducing environmental pollution and achieving sustainable agriculture.

منابع و مأخذ:

Aislabie, J., Lloyd-Jones, G. (1995). A review of bacterialdegradation of pesticides. Austral. J. Soil Res., 33, 925-942.
Aktar, W., Paramasivam, M., Sengupta, D., Purkait, S., Ganguly, M.; Banerjee, S. (2008). Impact assessment of pesticide residues in fish of Ganga river around Kolkata in West Bengal. Environ. Monit. Assess. 157, 97–104.
Alamdar, A., Syed, J. H., Malik, R.N., Katsoyiannis, A., Liu, J., Li, J., Zhang, G., Jones, K. C. (2014). Organochlorine pesticides in surface soils from obsolete pesticide dumping ground in Hyderabad City, Pakistan: Contamination levels and their potential for air–soil exchange. Sci. Total Environ. 470, 733–741.
Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek S. T., Qureshi S. R. & Wang M. (2021). Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics, 9, 42: 33pp.
Amaral, A.F.S. (2014). Pesticides and Asthma: Challenges for Epidemiology. Front. Public Health, 2, 6.
Amiri, A. (2019). Gene silencing by RNAi technique in the crop plants. 3rd International Conference on Agriculture, Enviroment & food security. 6 pp.
Azandjeme, C., Bouchard, M., Fayomi, B., Djrolo, F., Houinato, D., Delisle, H. (2013). Growing Burden of Diabetes in Sub- Saharan Africa: Contribution of Pesticides? Curr. Diabetes Rev. 9, 437–449.
Bastan S. R. & Rafiei, B. (2020). Evaluation of Permethrin Residue in Greenhouse Tomatoes. Genetic Engineering and Biosafety Journal. 9(1): 19-27.
Beaumellet, L., Tison, L., Eisenhauer, N., Hines J., Malladi, S., Pelosi, C., Thouvenot L., Phillips H. R. P. (2023). Pesticide effects on soil fauna communities—A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 60(7): 1239-1253.
Bernardes, M. F. F., Pazin, M., Pereira, L.C., Dorta, D.J. (2015). Impact of Pesticides on Environmental & Human Health. In Toxicology Studies—Cells, Drugs & Environment; IntechOpen: London, UK, 195–233.
Boedeker, W., Watts, M., Clausing, P. & Marquez E. (2020). The global distribution of acute unintentional pesticide poisoning: estimations based on a systematic review. Boedeker et al. BMC Public Health. 20(1875): 1-19.
Boussadia, M. I., Gueroui, Y., Habila S., Bousbia A., Symeon, G. K. (2022). Pesticide residues levels in raw cow's milk and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review. Environmental Advances. 9, 100266.
Brouwer, M., Huss, A., van der Mark, M., Nijssen, P.C.G., Mulleners, W.M., Sas, A.M.G., van Laar, T., de Snoo, G.R., Kromhout, H., Vermeulen, R. C. H. (2017). Environmental exposure to pesticides and the risk of Parkinson’s disease in the Netherlands. Environ. Int.107, 100–110.
Carbonell, E., Xamena, N., Creus, A., Marcos, R. (1993). Cytogenetic biomonitoring in a Spanish group of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. Mutagenesis. 8, 511–517.
Connell, D.W. (2005). Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA. 480 pp.
Deguine, J., Aubertot, J., Flor R. J., Lescourret, F., Wyckhuys, K. A.G. & Ratnadass A. (2021). Integrated pest management: good intentions, hard realities. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 41(28): 1-35
Deutsch, C. A., Tewksbury, J. J., Tigchelaar, M., Battisti, D. S., Merrill, S. C., Huey, R. B. & Naylor, R. L. (2018). Increase in crop losses to insect pests in a warming climate. Science, 361, 916-919.
Dong, D. M., Lan, X.H., Guo, Z. Y., HUA, X. Y. (2013). Sorption Kinetics of Organochlorine Pesticides on Three Types of Solids in Natural Waters. Chem. J. Chin. Univ.-Chin. 34, 1180–1186.
Dong, L. M., Potter, J. D., White, E., Ulrich, C. M., Cardon, L.R., Peters, U. (2008). Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer: The role of polymorphisms in candidate genes. JAMA, 299, 2423.
Edwards, T.M., Myers, J. P. (2007). Environmental Exposures and Gene Regulation in Disease Etiology. Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 1264–1270.
Farhan, M., Wajid, A., Hussain, T., Jabeen, F., Ishaque, U., Iftikhar, M., Daim, M.A., Noureen, A. (2020). Investigation of oxidative stress enzymes and histological alterations in tilapia exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1–7.
Fatma, F., Kamal A. & Srivastava A. (2018). Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid Mitigates the Toxic Effect of Pesticides in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek'. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 37(4), 1185-1194.
Fontana, A., Lana, N. B., Martínez, L. D., Altamirano, J. C. (2010). Ultrasound-assisted leaching-dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediment samples by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta, 82, 359–366.
Gao, F., Jia, J., Wang, X. (2008). Occurrence and Ordination of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Hexachlorocyclohexane in Agricultural Soils from Guangzhou, China. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 54, 155–166.
Garry, V. F. (2004). Pesticides and children. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 198, 152–163.
Geng, Y., Ma, J., Zhou, R., Jia, R., Li, C. (2017). Assessment of insecticide risk to human health in groundwater in Northern China by using the China-PEARL model. Pest Manag. Sci. 73, 2063–2070.
Glare, T.R., Caradus, J., Gelernter, W., Jackson, T., Keyhani, N., Kohl, J., Marrone, P., Morin, L. & Stewart, A. )2012(. Have biopesticides come of age? Trends in Biotechnology, 30: 250–258.
Grover, P., Danadevi, K., Mahboob, M., Rozati, R., Banu, B.S., Rahman, M.F. (2003). Evaluation of genetic damage in workers employed in pesticide production utilizing the Comet assay. Mutagenesis, 18, 201–205.
Han, D. M., Tong, X. X., Jin, M. G., Hepburn, E. Tong, C. S., Song, X. F. (2012). Evaluation of organic contamination in urban groundwater surrounding a municipal landfill, Zhoukou, China. Environ. Monit. Assess.185, 3413–3444.
Hassaan, M. A. & Nemr, A., E. (2018). Pesticides pollution: Classifications, human health impact, extraction and treatment techniques. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research. 46(3): 207-220.
Hayes, T. B., Hansen, M., Kapuscinski, A. R., Locke, K. A. & Barnosky, A. (2017). From silent spring to silent night: Agrochemicals and the anthropocene. Elem Sci Anth, 5, 1–24.
Hernández, A. F., Gil, F., Lacasaña, M., Rodríguez-Barranco, M., Tsatsakis, A. M., Requena, M. & Alarcón, R. (2013). Pesticide exposure and genetic variation in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes interact to induce biochemical liver damage. Food Chem. Toxicol. 61, 144–151.
Iammarino, M., Panseri, S., Unlu, G., Marchesani, G., Bevilacqua, A. (2022). Editorial: Novel chemical, microbiological and physical approaches in food safety control. Front. Nutr. 9, 1060480.
Ito, H. C., Shiraishi, H., Nakagawa, M., Takamura, N. (2020). Combined impact of pesticides and other environmental stressors on animal diversity in irrigation ponds. PLOS ONE. 15(7): e0229052, 20pp.
Kabir, E. R., Rahman, M. S. Rahman, I. (2015). A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 40, 241–258.
Kalavari, L., Nasiri, N., Ahmadian F., Kioumarsi H. (2023). Enrichment of doogh with olive leaf extract and investigation of its physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties during storage at room temperature and refrigerator. Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science. 3(1): 34-42.
Kalyabina., V. P., Esimbekova E. N., Kopylova K. V., Kratasyuk, V. A. (2021). Pesticides: formulants, distribution pathways and effects on human health – a review. Toxicology Reports. 8: 1179-1192.
Kim, K. H., Kabir, E. & Jahan SA. (2017). Exposure to pesticides & the associated human health effects. Science of The Total Environment. 575(1), 525-535.
Kioumarsi, H., Khorshidi, KJ., Yahaya, ZS., Cutsem, I Van., Zarafat, M., Rahman, WA. (2009). Customer satisfaction: The case of fresh meat eating quality preferences and the USDA yield grade standard. Int’l Journal of Arts & Sciences (IJAS) Conference. Germany.
Kioumarsi, H., Yahaya, ZS., Rahman, WA., Chandrawathani, P. (2011). A new strategy that can improve commercial productivity of raising Boer goats in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 6(5): 476-481.
Kubiak-Hardiman, P., Haughey, S. A., Meneely, J., Miller, S., Banerjee, K., Elliott, C. T. (2022). Identifying Gaps and Challenges in Global Pesticide Legislation that Impact the Protection of Consumer Health: Rice as a Case Study. Expo. Health, 14, 1–22.
Laessig, S. A., Tabacova, S. A. & Kimmel C. A. (2003). A Review of Reproductive & Developmental Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Humans, Journal of Children’s Health. 1(4), 405–447.
Leska, A., Nowak, A., Nowak, I. & Górczyńska, A. (2021). Effects of Insecticides and Microbiological Contaminants on Apis mellifera Health. Molecules. 26(16): 5080.
Leskovac, A.; Petrovi´c, S. (2023). Pesticide Use and Degradation Strategies: Food Safety, Challenges and Perspectives. Foods, 12, 2709.
Liu, Y., Mo, R., Tang, F., Fu, Y., Guo, Y. (2015). Influence of different formulations on chlorpyrifos behavior and risk assessment in bambo o forest of China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 20245–20254.
Lozowicka, B., Abzeitova, E., Sagitov, A., Kaczy ´nski, P., Toleubayev, K., Li, A. (2015). Studies of pesticide residues in tomatoes and cucumbers from Kazakhstan and the associated health risks. Environ. Monit. Assess., 187, 609.
Luck, J. D., Zandonadi, Luck, R. S., Shearer, B. D., S. A. (2010). Reducing pesticide over-application with map-based automatic boom section control on agricultural sprayers. Transactions of the ASABE (Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers). 53(3): 685-690.
Luo, C., Huang, Y.; Huang, D.; Liu, M.; Xiong, W.; Guo, Q.; Yang, T. (2018). Migration and Transformation Characteristics of Niclosamide in a Soil–Plant System. ACS Omega, 3, 2312–2321.
Luo, D., Zhou, T., Tao, Y., Feng, Y., Shen, X., Mei, S. (2016). Exposure to organochlorine pesticides and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Sci. Rep. 6, 25768.
Malekzadeh M., Sharifi M., Rafiei B. (2022). Survey on the effects of some pesticides on Armoured scale (Chrysomphalus dictyospermi) and the heather ladybird (Chilocorus bipustulatus). Genetic Engineering and Biosafety Journal. 11(2): 191-200.
Marie, L., Payraudeau, S., Benoit, G., Maurice, M., Gwenaël, I. (2017). Degradation and Transport of the Chiral Herbicide S-Metolachlor at the Catchment Scale: Combining Observation Scales and Analytical Approaches. Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 13231–13240.
Maurya, P. k. & Malik, D. S. (2016). Bioaccumulation of xenobiotics compound of pesticides in riverine system and its control technique: A critical review. Jr. of Industrial Pollution Control 32(2): 580-594.
Medina, M. B., Munitz, M. S., Resnik, S. L. (2021). Effect of household rice cooking on pesticide residues. Food Chemistry. 342: 128311.
Mir S. A., Dar B.N., Mir M. M., Sofi S. A., Shah M. A., Sidiq T., Sunooj K.Va., Hamdani A. M., Khaneghah A. M. (2022). Current strategies for the reduction of pesticide residues in food products. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 106: 104274.
Nie, H., Jacobi, H.F., Strach, K., Xu, C., Zhou, H., Liebetrau, J. (2015). Mono-fermentation of chicken manure: Ammonia inhibition and recirculation of the digestate. Bioresour. Technol. 178, 238–246.
Ogg, CL., Hygnstrom, J. R., Alberts, C. A. & Bauer E. C. (2018). Managing Pesticide Poisoning Risk & Underst&ing the Signs & Symptoms, Nextension, EC2505: 15 pp.
Overton, K., Ward, S. E., Hoffmann, A. A., Umina, P. A. (2023). Lethal impacts of insecticides and miticides on three agriculturally important aphid parasitoids. Biological Control. 178, 105143.
Peluso, M., Merlo, F., Munnia, A., Bolognesi, C., Puntoni, R., Parodi, S. (1996). 32P-postlabeling detection of DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells of greenhouse floriculturists from Western Liguria, Italy. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.5, 361–369.
Polanco Rodríguez, Á. G., Riba López, M. I., DelValls Casillas, T. Á., Araujo León, J. A., Mahjoub, O., Prusty, A. K. (2017). Monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in blood of women with uterine cervix cancer. Environ. Pollut. 220, 853–862.
Qian, S., Zhu, H., Xiong, B., Zheng, G., Zhang, J., Xu, W. (2017). Adsorption and desorption characteristics of endosulfan in two typical agricultural soils in Southwest China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 24, 11493–11503.
Qin, F., Gao, Y.X., Guo, B.Y., Xu, P., Li, J.Z., Wang, H. (2014). Environmental behavior of benalaxyl and furalaxyl enantiomers in agricultural soils. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B 2014, 49, 738–746.
Rafiei B, Imani S, Bastan R. )2016(. Determination of residue of Deltamethrin on greenhouse cucumber. Journal of Entomological Research. 7(4): 307 -316.
Rafiei, B. & Bastan, S. R. (2022). Determination of fenpropathrin residue by QuEChERS method and GC/MS. Arthopods:11(1): 65-71
Rafiei, B., Ghadamyari, M., Imani, S., Hosseininaveh, V., Ahadiyat, A. (2016). Purification and characterization of α-amylase in Moroccan locust, Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunberg (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and its inhibition by inhibitors from Phaseolus vulgaris L. Toxin Reviews, 35(3-4): 90-95.
Rafiei, B., Ghadamyari, M., Imani, S., Hosseininaveh, V., Ahadiyat, A. (2018). Characterization and inhibition studies of hemolymph phenoloxidase from Dociostaurus maroccanus. Toxin Reviews, 37(1): 44-51.
Rafiei, B., Imani, S., Alimoradi, M., Shafiee, H., Khaghani, S., Bastan, S. R. (2019). Survey on residuals of Fenpropathrin in greenhouse cucumber. 3(7): 193-201.
Rafiei, B., Kioumarsi H., Naseri Harsini R, Mahdavian S. M. R. (2023). Investigating the impact of climate change on environment and agriculture. Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 8(13). 23-39
Ray, S. & Shaju, S., T. (2023). Bioaccumulation of pesticides in fish resulting toxicities in humans through food chain and forensic aspects. Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology. 38(2): e2023017.
Relyea, R. A. (2005). The impact of insecticides and herbicides on the biodiversity and productivity of aquatic communities. Ecological Applications; 15: 618–627.
Ren, W., Wang, M., Zhou, Q. (2011). Effect of soil pH and organic matter on desorption hysteresis of chlorimuron-ethyl in two typical Chinese soils. J. Soils Sediments. 11, 552–561.
Romero, A. & Keith, E. O. (2012). New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals. Intech. 250 pp.
Shafeeque, M. A., Ahmad, F. & Kamal, A. (2020). Toxicity of pesticides to plants & non-target organism: a comprehensive review. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 10 (4): 3299-3313
Si, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, S., Zhang, L., Zhou, D. (2006). Influence of organic amendment on the adsorption and leaching of ethametsulfuron-methyl in acidic soils in China. Geoderma. 130, 66–7
Sijm, D., Rikken, M., Rorije, E., Traas, T., McLachlan, M., Peijnenburg, W. (2007). Transport, Accumulation and Transformation Processes; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 73–158 pp.
Singh, D.K. (2012). Pesticides and Environment. Pestic. Chem. Toxicol. 1, 114–122.
Skendžíć, S., Zovko M., Živkovíć I. P., Lešić V. and Lemí D. (2021). The impact of climate change on agricultural insect pests. Insects, 12, 440.
Strassemeyer, J., Daehmlow, D., Dominic, A., Lorenz, S. & Golla, B. (2017). SYNOPS-WEB, an online tool for environmental risk assessment to evaluate pesticide strategies on field level. Crop. Prot., 97, 28–44.
Su, W., Hao, H., Xu, H., Lu, C., Wu, R., Xue, F. (2016). Degradation of Mesotrione Affected by Environmental Conditions. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 98, 212–217.
Subaramaniyam, U., Allimuthu, R. S., Vappu, S., Ramalingam, D., Balan, R., Paital, B., Panda, N., Rath, P. K., Ramalingam, N., Sahoo, D. K. (2023). Effects of microplastics, pesticide s and nano-materials on fish health, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanism. Front Physiol. 14:1217666.
Talebi Jahromi, Kh. (2007). Pesticides Toxicology. Tehran University Press. 492 pp.
Tariq, S. R., Nisar, L. (2018). Reductive transformation of profenofos with nanoscale Fe/Ni particles. Environ. Monit. Assess. 190, 123.
Tcaciuc, A. P., Borrelli, R., Zaninetta, L. M., Gschwend, P. M., Tcaciuc, P. (2018). Passive sampling of DDT, DDE and DDD in sediments: Accounting for degradation processes with reaction–diffusion modeling. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts. 20, 220–231.
Tudi, M., Ruan, H. D., Wang, L., Lyu, J., Sadler, R., Connell, D., Chu, C. & Phung, D. T. (2021). Agriculture Development, Pesticide Application and Its Impact on the Environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 1112.
Tulchinsky T. (2010). Micronutrient Deficiency Conditions: Global Health Issues. Public Health Rev., 32: 243–255.
Umetsu, N., Shirai, Y. (2020). Development of novel pesticides in the 21st century. J. Pestic. Sci. 45, 54–74.
Wu, L. P., Chládková, B., Lechtenfeld, O. J., Lian, S., Schindelka, J., Herrmann, H., Richnow, H. H. (2018). Characterizing chemical transformation of organophosphorus compounds by 13C and 2H stable isotope analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 615, 20–28.
Wu, Y., Han, L., Wu, X., Jiang, W., Liao, H., Xu, Z. & Pan, C. (2022). Trends & perspectives on general Pesticide analytical chemistry. Advanced Agrochem. 1(2): 113-124
Xue, N., Yang, R., Xu, X., Seip, H.M., Zang, Q., Zeng, Q. (2006). Adsorption and Degradation of Benfuracarb in Three Soils in Hunan, People’s Republic of China. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 76, 720–727.
Yue, L., Ge, C., Feng, D., Yu, H., Deng, H., Fu, B. (2017). Adsorption–desorption behavior of atrazine on agricultural soils in China. J. Environ. Sci. 57, 180–189.
Zhang, H., Qi, L., Wu, Y., Musiu, E. M., Cheng, Z., Wang, P. (2020). Numerical simulation of airflow field from a six–rotor plant protection drone using lattice Boltzmann method. Biosyst. Eng., 197, 336–351.
Zhao, Y., Wendling, L. A., Wang, C., Pei, Y. (2016). Behavior of chlorpyrifos and its major metabolite TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) in agricultural soils amended with drinking water treatment residuals. J. Soils Sediments. 17, 889–900.
Zhou, Y., Xia, X., Yu, G., Wang, J., Wu, J., Wang, M., Yang, Y., Shi, K., Yu, Y., Chen, Z., Gan, J., Yu, J., (2015). Brassinosteroids play a critical role in the regulation of pesticide metabolism in crop plants. Scientific Reports 5, 9018.
Zhu, S., Niu, L., Aamir, M., Zhou, Y., Xu, C., Liu, W. (2017). Spatial and seasonal variations in air-soil exchange, enantiomeric signatures and associated health risks of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in a megacity Hangzhou in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. Sci. Total Environ., 599, 264–272.