اثرات نامطلوب آفتکشها بر محیطزیست و موجودات غیر هدف
محورهای موضوعی : ارزیابی اثرات زیست محیطی
بهاره رفیعی
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حامد کیومرثی
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1 - هیأت علمی، بخش تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گیلان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش وترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران
2 - بخش تحقیقات علوم دامی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گیلان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران
کلید واژه: آفتکش, محیطزیست, زنجیره غذایی, موجودات غیرهدف, تجمع زیستی,
چکیده مقاله :
استفاده از آفتکشها نقش مهمی در کشاورزی مدرن دارد و کاربرد اصولی آن‌ها سبب افزایش کیفیت و کمیت محصولات کشاورزی می‌شود. همچنین، در کنترل ناقلین بیماری‌ها بسیار اهمیت دارند. با این حال، استفاده گسترده از سموم شیمیایی سبب نگرانی‌های روزافزون در خصوص اثرات منفی آن‌ها شده است. مصرف آفتکشها می‌تواند باعث آلودگی منابع آبی و خاک شود، تجمع این ترکیبات در خاک منجر به اختلال در جوامع میکروبی و کاهش ارگانیسم‌های مفید می‌شود و با نفوذ به آب‌های زیرزمینی و سطحی، مخاطراتی را برای اکوسیستم‌های آبی ایجاد کند. رواناب از مزارع کشاورزی می‌تواند سموم را به آب‌های سطحی منتقل کند و بر موجودات آبزی و کیفیت آب تأثیر بگذارد و در نتیجه تجمع زیستی وارد زنجیره‌ی غذایی شوند. به‌علاوه، آلودگی‌هوا یکی از عواقب استفاده از سموم کشاورزی است. تبخیر سموم و عوامل محیطی، احتمال تماس موجودات غیر هدف و انتقال آن‌ها به مناطق دورتر از محل سم‌پاشی را فراهم می‌کند. بقایای آفتکشها سبب اختلالات فیزیولوژیکی، ناهنجاری‌های ژنتیکی و بروز بیماری‌های مختلف در موجودات غیر هدف می‌شود و اختلال در تعادل اکولوژیکی و کاهش تنوع زیستی را در پی دارد. این مقاله، یک بررسی جامع از پیامدهای نامطلوب مصرف سموم شیمیایی بر اجزای مختلف اکوسیستم‌ها را ارائه می‌دهد و استراتژی‌های نوین برای مقابله با این چالش‌ها و ترویج شیوه‌های مدیریت آفتکشها را مورد بحث قرار می‌دهد. این مقاله مروری با هدف تعمیق درک اثرات و خطرات مرتبط با استفاده از آفتکشها تهیه شده‌است و امید است گامی به‌منظور کاهش آلودگی‌های محیطزیست و دستیابی به کشاورزی پایدار باشد.
The use of pesticides plays a crucial role in modern agriculture, and their proper application leads to an increase in the quality and quantity of agricultural products. They are also highly important in controlling disease vectors. However, the widespread use of chemical toxins has raised growing concerns regarding their negative effects. The consumption of pesticides can result in contamination of water and soil, accumulation of these compounds in the soil can disrupt microbial communities and reduce beneficial organisms, and their infiltration into groundwater and surface water can pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. Runoff from agricultural fields can transport toxins into surface waters, affecting aquatic organisms and water quality, and consequently, these toxins can bioaccumulate and enter the food chain. Air pollution is also one of the consequences of pesticide use. The volatilization of pesticides and environmental factors facilitate the possibility of contact with non-target organisms and their transfer to areas far from the spraying site. Residues of pesticides can cause physiological disorders, genetic abnormalities, and various diseases in non-target organisms, leading to disturbances in ecological balance and a reduction in biodiversity. This article provides a comprehensive review of the adverse consequences of chemical pesticide use on different components of ecosystems and discusses novel strategies to address these challenges and promote pesticide management practices. This review paper aims to deepen the understanding of the effects and hazards associated with pesticide use and hopes to take a step towards reducing environmental pollution and achieving sustainable agriculture.
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